Folklore, Mythology,

and Heterodox Faiths of the

Armenian Highlands and Neighboring Lands*

Prepared by Dr. Robert G. Bedrosian
Last updated February 23, 2012

*This material is presented solely for non-commercial educational/research purposes.

The following links and their sub-links open in separate windows.


Armenian Folk Beliefs by Manuk Abeghyan.

Armenian Mythology, by Mardiros H. Ananikian. From The Mythology of All Races Volume VII (New York, 1925).

The Eight Sanctuaries of Pagan Armenia, by A. Carriere (Paris, 1899).
David of Sassoun, Armenian epic, translated by Artin K. Shalian (New York, 1964).
A Bibliography of Armenian Folklore, by Margit Abeghian Hazarabedian. From the journal Armenian Review, volume 39, Autumn 3(1986), pp. 32-54.
Iranian Mythology, by Albert J. Carnoy. From The Mythology of All Races Volume VI (Boston, 1917).
Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Persian epic, translated by Helen Zimmern (1883).
Analogies in Iranian and Armenian Folklore, by Eugene Wilhelm. From the Spiegel Memorial Volume (Bombay, 1908) pp. 65-83.
Indian Mythology, by A. Berriedale Keith. From The Mythology of All Races Volume VI (Boston, 1917).
Soma among the Armenians, by Robert Bedrosian (2000).
Eastern Asia Minor and the Caucasus in Ancient Mythologies, by Robert Bedrosian (1993).

Serpent Worship, entry from the Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (New York, 1922), volume 11, pp. 399-423. This is a well-documented series of entries by prominent mythologists: J. A. MacCulloch (Introductory and Primitive, pp. 399-411); W. Crooke (Indian, pp. 411-419); and E. Welsford (Balto-Slavic, pp. 419-423). Aspects of serpent-worship are described in societies from the Far East to the Middle East, Africa, Europe, the Americas, in antiquity and to the early 20th century. Includes, among many other cultures: Chinese, Polynesian, Cretan, Egyptian, Babylonian, Canaanite and Hebrew, Greek, Roman, Celtic. Topics include: 1. Worship of the serpent; 2. The serpent as embodiment of the dead; 3. Serpents in the mysteries; 4. The serpent in magical rites; 5. Demoniac and mythical serpents and dragons; 6. Myths about serpents; 7. Woman and the serpent; 8. Children of serpents; 9. Serpent origin of men. 26 pdf pages. Download here: Serpent-Worship

Demons and Spirits, entry from the Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (New York, 1922), volume 4, pp. 565-636. Multiple authors on numerous cultures. 72 pdf pages. Download here: Demons and Spirits.

Magic, entry from the Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (New York, 1916), volume 8, pp. 245-321. Multiple authors on numerous cultures. 78 pdf pages. Download here: Magic.


The Folktale in Ancient Literature, by Stith Thompson. From The Folktale (1946; reprinted 1977), pp. 272-282.

Search Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature
(Bloomington, Indiana, 1955-1958) at ruthenia.ru/folklore

Bibliography and Abbreviations for the Motif-Index



Hittite/Hurrian Mythology by Christopher B. Siren.

Urartian and Armenian deities from M. Kavoukjian's Armenia, Subartu and Sumer (Montreal, 1987).

The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria by Morris Jastrow. File size: 2.26 mb.
Myths of Babylonia and Assyria by Donald A. Mackenzie. File size: 1.48 mb.

Download The Reports of the Magicians and Astrologers of Nineveh and Babylon in the British Museum, by R. Campbell Thompson: volume 2, English translations, vocabulary, etc. (London, 1900), 256 pdf pages. File size: 11.9 MB.

Download The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia, by R. Campbell Thompson: Both volumes contain English translations, vocabulary, etc. volume 1, (London, 1903), 290 pdf pages. File size: 7.7 MB; volume 2, (London, 1904), 248 pdf pages. File size: 5.7 MB.

Download Egyptian Magic, by E. A. Wallis Budge (London, 1899). 264 pdf pages. Download here: Egyptian Magic. File size: 10.0 MB.

The Zoroastrian Religion in Armenia by Mardiros Ananikian, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. 1 (1908), pp. 794-802. This article describes Zoroastrianism in Armenia and some Armenian myths, customs, and folklore associated with it.

From Encyclopaedia Iranica, multiple authors:

Entries about demons.
Entries about the supernatural.

Search Encyclopaedia Iranica


The Republic, Book 10, 613-621, by Plato (ca. 429-347 B.C.) contains the story of Er, son of Armenius, believed to be an echo of the Armenian story of Ara. The Armenian legend of Ara is available in The Primary History of Armenia.

Download "Two Essays on Semiramis," a pdf file containing two short essays about the deity, mythical and/or historical figure called Semiramis or Shamiram: "The Semiramis Legend" by W. Robertson Smith (English Historical Review (1887) pp. 303-337 and "The Legend of Semiramis" by A. H. Sayce (EHR (1888) pp. 104-113). Discussions of classical and Mesopotamian legends about this woman to whom were attributed numerous cyclopean structures by the Euphrates, Lake Van, and in Iran; description of her cult in Nineveh and in Syrian Hierapolis (Bambyce, Mabbog). Download here: Two Essays on Semiramis. 25 pdf pages. File size: 3.0 MB.

El's Abode: Mythological Traditions Related to Mount Hermon and to the Mountains of Armenia, by E. Lipinski.

Download from archive.org, various formats available:

Folklore in the Old Testament vol. 1 by James G. Frazer.
Folklore in the Old Testament vol. 2 by James G. Frazer.
Folklore in the Old Testament vol. 3 by James G. Frazer.

Old Testament Legends, by M. R. James (London, 1913).

Download M. R. James' Old Testament Legends from archive. org. Various formats available. Download here: Old Testament Legends.
Folk-lore of the Holy Land, by J. E. Hanauer (1907), at sacred-texts.com

Download Semitic Magic, Its Origins and Development, by R. Campbell Thompson (London, 1908), 364 pdf pages. Download here: Semitic Magic. File size: 22.2 MB.


Download "The Demonology of the New Testament," a study by Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, which was serialized in four parts in the Jewish Quarterly (1896-1897). Download here: The Demonology of the New Testament.

Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, by Franz Cumont, at sacred-texts.
The Mysteries of Mithraism, by Franz Cumont, at sacred-texts.

Download "The Development of Paganism in the Roman Empire." This study, which appeared as Chapter 12 in Volume 12 of the Cambridge Ancient History [The Imperial Crisis and Recovery A. D. 193-324] (Cambridge, 1939), was written by the historian and theologian A. D. Nock. Chapter 12 "The Development of Paganism in the Roman Empire" includes: 1. Introduction; 2. Official Religion; 3. The Eastern Provinces; 4. The Western Provinces; 5. Tendencies in Popular Piety; 6. Paganism in Thought; 7. Oriental Cults and Christianity; 8. Conclusion. Includes Title Page, Table of Contents, Chapter 12 (pp. 409-449), and the Bibliography for Chapter 12 in 51 pdf pages. Unfortunately, page 421 is missing. Download here: The Development of Paganism in the Roman Empire. 51 pdf pages. File size: 17.8 MB.

Isis and Osiris, by Plutarch (1st-2nd century A.D), at LacusCurtius.

Download Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, by E. A. Wallis Budge in two volumes, (London, 1911): volume 1, 449 pdf pages. File size: 14.4 MB; volume 2, 460 pdf pages. File size: 21.7 MB.

The Syrian Goddess, by Lucian of Samosata (2nd century A.D.), at sacred-texts.com

The Golden Ass/Metamorphoses by Lucius Apuleius (2nd century A.D.). This is the only Latin novel to survive intact. Full of amusing folk tales, it is also "the only surviving work of literature from the ancient Greco-Roman world to examine, from a first-hand perspective, the abhorrent condition of the lower classes" (Wikipedia article). Contains several references to the area of our interest. At sacred-texts.

Life of Apollonius of Tyana, by Flavius Philostratus (third century A.D.), translated by Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, at sacred-texts.com

Download F. C. Conybeare's translation of the Life of Apollonius of Tyana: volume 1 (London, 1912), 618 pdf pages, File size: 20.9 MB; volume 2 (London, 1912), 640 pdf pages. File size: 21.2 MB.


Magical Elements in the Avesta and Nerang Literature, by Antonio Panaino, at Encyclopaedia Iranica.

Gnosticism, by Kurt Rudolph at Encyclopaedia Iranica.

Manichaeism and Its Iranian Background by George Widengren (Cambridge, 1983).

The Book of Giants, by W. B. Henning. A fragmentary Manichean text, at sacred-texts.com

Entries on Manichaeism/Manicheism at Encyclopaedia Iranica:

General Survey, by Werner Sundermann.
The Manichean Pantheon, by Werner Sundermann.
Cosmogony and Cosmology in Manicheism, by Werner Sundermann.
Buddhist Elements in Manicheism, by P. Bryder.
Mithra in Manicheism, by Werner Sundermann.
Missionary Activity and Technique, by Werner Sundermann.
Mazdakism by Ehsan Yarshater (Cambridge, 1983).

Khorammis, by Patricia Crone at Encyclopaedia Iranica.

Magic in [Persian] Literature and Folklore in the Islamic Period, by Mahmud Ormidsalar at Encyclopaedia Iranica.

Download F. C. Conybeare's article "The Survival of Animal Sacrifices inside the Christian Church," from The American Journal of Theology, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Jan., 1903), pp. 62-90. Focus is on the Armenian Church. Download here: The Survival of Animal Sacrifices inside the Christian Church.


The Syriac Factor in the Development of Armenian Christianity and the Early Sects, by Seta B. Dadoyan.

Download "Armenian Paulicianism and the Key of Truth." This study, which appeared in the American Journal of Theology 10 (1906) pp. 267-285, was written by the historian and theologian Leon Arpee. It is an analysis of information found in Greek and Armenian historical and ecclesiastical sources about the Paulicians, dissident iconoclastic Christians of Western Armenia. Hated and persecuted by both the Greek and Armenian Church establishments and savaged by the Byzantine military, the Paulicians in the 9th century made common cause with the Muslims. They were a power to be reckoned with, doctrinally and militarily, and were never destroyed as an ideological current. Mystical Sufism was to develop in the same geographical area once controlled by the Paulicians. Deported to the Balkans, some Paulicians founded kindred movements such as the Bogomils, and may have had an influence on the development of Protestantism in Europe. The Key of Truth, the Paulicians' only surviving work of doctrine, is examined in detail. 21 pdf pages. Download here: Armenian Paulicianism and the Key of Truth. File size: 2.5 MB.

The Paulicians and the Muslim Factor, by Seta B. Dadoyan.

Download The Key of Truth, a Manual of the Paulician Church of Armenia. Introduction, English translation, Armenian text, and scholarly notes by Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare (London, 1898). 412 pdf pages. Download here: The Key of Truth. File size: 21.6 MB.

Armenia and Armenians in the Byzantine Epic [Digenes Akritas], by Hratch Bartikian.

Armenian Elements in the Beliefs of the Kizilbash Kurds, by Matti Moosa.

Hamshen before Hemshin The prelude to Islamicization, by Hovann H. Simonian.

Download Christianity and Islam under the Sultans, by F. W. Hasluck. Invaluable material on the folklore of Asia Minor: volume 1, (Oxford, 1929), 439 pdf pages. File size: 17.3 MB; volume 2, (Oxford, 1929), 544 pdf pages. File size: 32.6 MB.

Download Heterodox Tribes of Asia Minor by F. W. Hasluck. This article appeared in The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 51 (1921) pp. 310-342. 34 pdf pages. Download here: Heterodox Tribes of Asia Minor. File size: 4.4 MB.

Download The Women of Turkey and Their Folklore, by Lucy M. J. Garnett (London, 1890), volume 1 [Christian and Jewish Women]. 1118 pdf pages. Download here: The Women of Turkey and Their Folklore. File size: 25.4 MB.


Ethnobotanica

Ethnobotanical Tools in the Ancient Near East by William A. Emboden, Jr.

Gods and Plants in the Classical World, by Carl A. P. Ruck.

The History of the Poppy and of Opium and Their Expansion in Antiquity in the Eastern Mediterranean Area by P. G. Kritikos and S. P. Papadaki.

The Sacred Narcotic Water Lily of the Nile: Nymphaea caerulea Sav. by William A. Emboden, Jr.

Soma among the Armenians, by Robert Bedrosian.

Folk-lore of Plants, by T. F. Thiselton-Dyer.

Download The Divine Origin of the Craft of the Herbalist, by E. A. Wallis Budge (London, 1928). Topics include: The old gods as herbalists and their divine medicines; the divine herbalists; water a divine element; vegetable substances of divine origin; ancient Egyptian herbals and books of medicine; holy oils and medicated unguents; Sumerian and Assyrian herbals; the Greek herbals; the Latin herbals; the herbal in Syriac; the herbal in Arabic; Coptic lists of plants; the Ethiopian (Abyssinian) herbal. 106 pdf pages. Download here: The Divine Origin of the Craft of the Herbalist. File size: 6.5 MB.

Download Enquiry on Plants, by Theophrastus (c. 371- c. 287 B.C.), translated by Arthur Hort in two volumes (New York, 1916): volume 1, 517 pdf pages. File size: 7.8 MB; volume 2, 526 pdf pages. File size: 8.7 MB.

Download Natural History by Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.), translated by John Bostock in six volumes (London, 1855). Volumes 3, 4, and 5 in particular deal with plants:

volume 1, 538 pdf pages. File size: 21.9 MB. Stars, planets, aerial phenomena, world geography;

volume 2, 589 pdf pages. File size: 19.1 MB. Geography continued, humanity, life cycles, terrestrial animals, fish, birds;

volume 3, 565 pdf pages. File size: 19.3 MB. Insects, trees;

volume 4, 551 pdf pages. File size: 19.0 MB. Grains, plants, remedies from plants, flowers, properties of plants and fruits, remedies from cultivated trees;

volume 5, 588 pdf pages. File size: 24.6 MB. Remedies from forest trees, wild plants, remedies classified by disease, remedies from living creatures, remedies from waters;

volume 6 [includes General Index], 562 pdf pages. File size: 19.9 MB. Remedies from aquatic animals, history of metals, history of paintings and colors, stones, and precious stones.


Star-Names and Their Meanings, by Richard Hinckley Allen, at LacusCurtius.

Download Star Names and Their Meanings, by Richard Hinckley Allen (London, 1899). 599 pdf pages. Download here: Star Names and Their Meanings. File size: 16.5 MB.
Download The Curious Lore of Precious Stones, by George Frederick Kunz (Philadelphia, 1913). 534 pdf pages. Download here: The Curious Lore of Precious Stones. File size: 18 MB.


Collections of Tales

Downloads:
The Panchatantra, translated from Sanskrit by Arthur W. Ryder (Chicago, 1925). Contains some of the world's oldest folk tales, stories which were also current in ancient Egypt. Tales from the Panchatantra appear in later collections such as the Middle Eastern Kalila and Dimna, and One Thousand and One Nights. 484 pdf pages. File size: 26.4 MB.

Popular Tales of Ancient Egypt, collected and edited by Gaston Maspero, translated by C. H. W. Johns (New York, 1915). 432 pdf pages. File size: 10.5 MB

The Story of Ahikar, from the Aramaic, Syriac, Arabic, Armenian, Ethiopic, Old Turkish, Greek and Slavonic Versions, by F. C. Conybeare, J. Rendel Harris, and Agnes Smith Lewis (Glasgow, 1898). English translations and texts of this wonderful tale in the aforementioned languages. The Story of Ahikar was one of the earliest works translated into Armenian, possibly the work of Mesrop or Sahak. File size: 5.5 MB.

Kalila and Dimna, or the Tales of Bidpai, translated from Arabic by Wyndham Knatchbull (Oxford, 1819). 389 pdf pages. File size: 10 MB.

Contes arméniens, traduits de l'arménien moderne par Frédéric Macler (Paris, 1905). The tales are translated selections from Garegin Sruandzeants' collection in Hamov Hodov [Delicious and Fragrant]. 214 pdf pages. File size: 2.6 MB.

Notes sur la mythologie arménienne par Minas Tcheraz, in Transactions of the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists (London, 1893) volume 2, pp. 822-845. Contains material collected by the author in Asia Minor. Topics include: Fire, Arev, Loussounga, Askh, Akhbour, L'Euphrate, Abres Sacres, Dragon, Cult des Ancetres, Kichermout, La Fille d'Alexandre, Magie, Vetzazarya, Les Devs, Les Peris, Al, Khebelig, Khederellee, Grogh, Gaghend, Derendas, Choudig, Gudjug, Chevod, Khondjolos. 26 pdf pages. 2.4 MB.

Contes syriaques traduits de l'syriaques par Frédéric Macler (Paris, 1903). Histoire de Sindban. 115 pdf pages. File size: 2.8 MB.

The Golden Maiden and other folk tales and fairy stories told in Armenia, by A. G. Seklemian (New York, 1898). The tales are drawn from Sruandzeants' collections Hamov Hodov [Delicious and Fragrant], Mananay [Manna], and Seklemian's own collection made in the Karin/Ezerum area. 260 pdf pages. File size: 4.4 MB.

Armenian Legends and Festivals by Louis A. Boettiger (Minneapolis, 1920). 117 pdf pages. File size: 3.6 MB.

Armenian Proverbs and Sayings, translated into English by Kevork Bayan (Venice, 1889). 73 pdf pages. File size: 1.2 MB.

Sborniki pritch Vardana [Zhoghovatsoyk' ar'akay Vardanay/Collections of the Fables of Vardan] (Petersburg, 1899). This is the Classical Armenian text of the medieval fables of Vardan Aygekts'i (1170? - 1235), with a study and Russian translation by N. Marr. 1306 pdf pages. File size: 45.9 MB.

Choix fables de Vartan [Hate"ntir ar'akk' Vardanay vardapeti] (Paris, 1825). Classical Armenian text and French translation of forty-five of Vardan's fables. 115 pdf pages. File size: 2.6 MB.

*

Armenian Legends and Poems, by Zabelle C. Boyajian (1916), at sacred-texts.com

Fables of Mxit'ar Gosh, by the late 12th to early 13th century Armenian vardapet and teacher.

One Thousand and One Nights, Richard F. Burton, translator. [In progress]

The Laughable Stories of Bar-Hebraeus Collected by Mar Gregory John Bar-Hebraeus, Maphrian of the East from A.D, 1264 to 1286. English translation of the Syriac text by E. A. W. Budge, (London, 1897). At sacred-texts.com

Download The Laughable Stories of Bar-Hebraeus, Syriac text edited with an English translation by E. A. W. Budge, (London, 1897). 408 pdf pages. Download here: The Laughable Stories of Bar-Hebraeus. File Size: 16.7 MB.

Georgian Folk Tales, translated by Marjory Wardrop (1894) at sacred-texts.com

The Man in the Panther's Skin, by Shota Rustaveli translated by Marjory Wardrop (1912), is Georgia's national epic. Also at sacred-texts.com: The Man in the Panther's Skin.

The only freely available and complete English translation of Iran's magnificent epic, the Shahnameh/Shahnama or Book of Kings, was done by the brothers Arthur and Edmond Warner. The Warners' enormous translation was published in nine volumes between 1905 and 1925. Although in verse, most sections also have prose explanations and good notes.

Download the Shahnameh:

volume 1. File size: 12.5 MB;
volume 2. File size: 17.4 MB;
volume 3. File size: 13.0 MB;
volume 4. File size: 13.2 MB;
volume 5. File size: 12.2 MB;
volume 6. File size: 15.2 MB;
volume 7. File size: 23.1 MB;
volume 8. File size: 18.0 MB;
volume 9. File size: 17.2 MB.


Thanks to Google Books, the following precious Armenian-language works are available as free pdf files.
Downloads:
Toros Aghbar [Brother Toros] by Garegin Sruandzeants'/Karekin Servantsian, a renowned Armenian folklorist and ethnographer (1840-1892). The download includes vol. 1 (Constantinople, 1879), and vol. 2 (Constantinople, 1884). This massive study of Armenian-populated areas of western historical Armenia and Turkey is subtitled "Hayastani Chambord" (Traveller of Armenia). The author travelled throughout Asia Minor visiting Armenian communities in Samson, Bafra, Sinope, Marzuan, Amasia, Zile, Tokat, Sevast, Severik, Teprike, Kasmon, Akn, Arabkir, Malatya, Trabizon, Gumishane, Erznka, Kamakh, Kapan mate and Kharpert, Chimishkadsak, Palu, Tigranakert, Baghesh/Bitlis, Van, Manazkert, and elsewhere. He recorded noteworthy folk tales, legends, and riddles, and additionally described churches and monasteries, providing diocesan information and population figures for the Armenian communities. This invaluable study also describes the important monastic and church libraries and their manuscripts, and colophons. It includes drawings of Armenian cuneiform and even tattoos. 861 pdf pages. File size: 19 MB.

Mananay [Manna], by Garegin Sruandzeants' (Constantinople, 1876). Folklore and folk tales mostly from the Van area. Includes nine folk tales, songs, riddles, bird language, magic, amulets. There are also short lexicons of plant names, agricultural equipment and village vocabulary. 471 pdf pages. File size: 8.9 MB.

Hamov Hodov [Delicious and Fragrant], Garegin Sruandzeants' (Tiflis, 1904). The ethnographer's descriptions of village life, folk tales, songs, and proverbs. Includes a lexicon for dialects. 445 pdf pages. File size: 7.3 MB.

Hay zhoghovrtakan diwts'aznakan vepe [The Armenian National Epic]. This is a study of the Armenian epic David of Sasun/Sassoun by the great ethnographer Bagrat Xalat'eants'/Khalat'iants' (Vienna, 1903) in 99 pdf pages. Azgayin matenadaran series volume #42. File size: 1.8 MB.

Irani herosnere hay zhoghovrdi me'j [Iranian Heroes among the Armenians], by Bagrat Xlat'eants'/Khalat'eants' (Paris, 1901), 94 pdf pages. File size: 2.2 MB.

Hay zhoghovrdakan arhaspelnere M. Khorenats'u Hayots' patmut'ean mej [Armenian Folk Myths in Movses Khorenats'i's History of the Armenians], by Manuk Abeghyan (Vagharshapat, 1899), 609 pdf pages. File size: 16.2 MB.

Hin hawatk' kam het'anosakan kro'nk' Hayots' [The Ancient Faith or Pagan Religion of the Armenians]. Written by the renowned 19th century polymath Levon (Ghewond) Alishan, this work has been highly praised and extensively used by mythologists and folklorists since its publication (Venice, 1910). Topics include: nature worship, worship of celestial bodies, animal worship, monsters, spirits, mythological heroes, pagan gods, magic, charms/divination, the next world, and cult objects. A major source for the folk beliefs, customs, myths, and history of the Armenian Highlands. 556 pdf pages. File size: 27.6 MB.

Hayastan yar'aj k'an zlineln Hayastan [Armenia Before Becoming Armenia], by Levon (Ghewond) Alishan, (Venice, 1904). Alishan's remarkable ideas about the prehistory of the Armenian Highlands, mostly based on the Old Testament and Armenian legends. 291 pdf pages. File size: 5.5 MB.

Haybusak [Armenian Botany] by Levon (Ghewond) Alishan (Venice, 1895). An invaluable encyclopedic work on the flora of the Armenian highlands. This massive study contains alphabetical entries for the major plants, trees, shrubs, as well as fungi. Many entries are accompanied by gorgeous, life-like drawings. There is also precious anecdotal evidence of these plants' usage by the Armenians of the 19th century and before. Latin, French, Turkish and Arabic names (the last two in Armenian characters) appear in cross-referenced indices at the back. This is a major source for the study of Armenian ethnobotany. 697 pdf pages. File size: 17.4 MB.

Arshaloys k'ristoneut'ean Hayots' [The Dawn of Christianity among the Armenians] by Levon (Ghewond) Alishan (Venice, 1901), in 304 pdf pages. File size: 4.3 MB.

Ganjak. This is a study of the district of Gandzak (Kirovabad/modern Ganja), an area which frequently passed back and forth between Armenian and Aghuanian states, in the pre-Turkic period. The bulk of the study concentrates on the 19th-20th centuries when Armenians were still an important part of the population. The author, the renowned ethnographer/folklorist Ervand Lalayan (1864-1931), founded the Armenian Ethnographic Society (1901) as well as the scholarly journal Azgagrakan Handes [Ethnographic Review] (1895-1916). Topics include: 1. Historical Survey (large section on the Armenian Melik families); 2. Topography: noteworthy Armenian villages, monasteries, fortresses, German settlements, Russian Molakan settlements, Turkish villages (descriptions include population statistics); 3. Ethnography: dwellings of Armenians; clothing and ornaments; family system and customs; beliefs. This download includes both volume 1 (Tiflis, 1900) and volume 2 (Tiflis, 1901). 324 pdf pages. Some photographs by Lalayan. File size: 31. 2 MB.

Javaxk', by Ervand Lalayan, extracted from the journal Azgagrakan Handes [Ethnographic Review] (1895, pp. 138-409). Topics include: 1. Historical Survey; 2. Topography; 3. Antiquities; 4. Residents; 5. Statistical information; 6. Economic Situation; 7. Popular enlightenment; 8. Dwellings of Armenian peasants; 9. Clothing and ornaments; 10. Family system and customs; 11. Beliefs. 272 pdf pages. Some photographs by Lalayan. File size: 17.8 MB.

T'iflisets'ots' mtavor keank'e" [Intellectual Life of the Tiflis Armenians] Georg Ter Aghek'sandrean, compiler. Tiflis Armenian Book Circle, publication #22 (Tiflis, 1886). Invaluable source book for Armenian folklore. Chapters include: prayers, songs (including children's songs and games), chants, popular and bardic songs, folk tales, sayings, proverbs, riddles. 477 pdf pages. File size: 8.0 MB.

Atrpatakan, by E. Frangean/Frangian (Tiflis, 1905). An Armenian-language illustrated album showing aspects of the Armenian community of Atrpatakan (both the modern Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Iranian district of Azerbaijan) before the modern period: its history, demography (including population statistics), towns, monasteries and churches, industries, cultural and intellectual life. 321 pdf pages. File size: 12.5 MB.

Eminean azgagrakan zhoghovatsu [Emin's Ethnographic Review], vols. 1-4 (Moscow, 1901-). Publication of the Lazaryan Institute for Oriental Languages. This volume contains P'shrank' shiraki ambarnerits', collected by Agh. Mxit'areants', which is an enthnographic study divided into two parts. Part one contains folk tales, fairy tales, proverbs, sayings, and riddles from different parts of the Armenian district of Alexandropol/Shirak, many in their original dialects. Part two is a study of the customs and beliefs of Shirak 1743 pdf pages. File size: 43.8 MB.

Hin awandakan he'k'eat'ner Xotorjroy [Old Traditional Folk Tales from Xotorjur], compiled by M. Hajian/Hadjian/Hachean (Vienna, 1907), 103 pdf pages. File size: 2.7 MB.

Usumnasirut'iwn Manik'ea-pawghikean t'onrakets'ineru aghandin ew Gr. Narekats'woy t'ughte [Research on the Manichaeo-Paulician Sect of the T'ondrakians and the Letter of Grigor of Narek]. This is the great philologist Barsegh Sargisean's study (Venice, 1893) of a fascinating medieval Armenian dissident movement which had religious, social, and military components. 139 pdf pages. File size: 2.6 MB.


Additional Sources

Travellers' Accounts

Accounts of travellers to the Middle East in the 17th-early 20th centuries are an under-utilized source of material for the study of Christian and Muslim communities and heterodox groups, folklore, and many other topics. The link below is a partial list of such material. These travellers encountered and commented on Armenian, Assyrian, Kurdish, Persian, and other communities throughout Asia Minor, Northern Syria, Mesopotamia, Armenia, the Caucasus, and Western Iran.
Travellers' Accounts: Journeys to the Armenian Highlands and Neighboring Lands

Internet Archive

Search Internet Archive (archive.org). As an example, search on words such as Folklore or Mythology in the box below, for a list of available material.To download any of the items on that page, click on the item you want, then in the left hand frame of the page that invokes, click on "All Files: HTTP." From the list of files that appears, choose the .pdf or .zip version for download.

Internet Archive search:



Google Books

Another excellent source for classic reference works is Google Books. These books may be downloaded from the site below in pdf format. As an example, search on words such as Mythology or Myths or Folklore in the box below, for a list of available material.

To download an item from the list of available material that you retrieve: (1) click on the book's title; (2) on the next screen (which usually shows the first page of the book), find the gear-like icon in the upper right hand portion of the screen. It is just above the "Clear Search" label. Click on the down-pointing arrrow to the right of the gear icon and select "Download PDF". You may be asked to identify some distorted characters to confirm that you are a "real person" and not a computer program. A download dialog box should appear after you do this.

Google Books search:




The Golden Bough, by James G. Frazer (London, 1922).
Search Frazer's The Golden Bough
at bartleby.com


Bulfinch's Mythology (or The Age of Fable) (London, 1913).

Search Bulfinch's Mythology
at bartleby.com


Search Encyclopaedia Iranica at iranicaonline.org

Search Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature
(Bloomington, Indiana, 1955-1958) at ruthenia.ru/folklore

Bibliography and Abbreviations for the Motif-Index


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